Page numbers followed by the letters 'n', 'f' and 't' indicate footnotes, figures and tables respectively.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Aboriginal people. See Indigenous people
accessibility
of civics education, 129-30
Canadians with disabilities, 103-4, 109, 110-11, 114, 116, 135-36
Indigenous people, 36, 104, 111-12, 135, 137
ways to improve, 103n377, 109-12, 114, 133-34, 135-38
effect on turnout, 102-3, 114, 133-34
low-income earners, 136-37
mandatory voting as increasing need for, 99, 102
in referendums, 161
senior citizens, 134
students, 133-34
“accessibility ombudsmen”, 136
Addams, Jane, 141
“adjustment seats”, 83
advisory referendums, 159
Allardyce, Scott, 136
Alternative Vote. See AV
An Accountable and Responsible Government (NB: 2007), 35
Anawak, Jack, 121
Anderson, Miriam, 118-19
apathy 49-50, 54, 105n387, 139
See also citizen engagement
Arreak, James T., 1-2, 57n200, 65, 123, 155, 156
1921 committee recommendation, 23
in Australia, 330-31
compared to “Majority Rule”, 62-63
described, 60
distorted results of, 65-66, 68-69, 70t
early adoption by provinces, 22, 23-24, 28, 29, 30n90
pros and cons of, 58-59, 61, 64-69
ranking all candidates, 59, 67-68, 78
used in combination with STV, 28, 29, 77
used in PEI plebiscite, 40n135
See also ranked ballots
Axworthy, Thomas, 2, 44, 47, 325
“Baden-Wurttemberg” MMP model, 87
ballots
Braille, 111
“none of the above” option on, 97n360, 102
secret ballots, 103, 110, 111, 113
types of, 46
See also ranked ballots
Barnes, Andre, Electoral Systems and Electoral Reform in Canada and Elsewhere: An Overview, 56n196, 60n211
BC. See British Columbia
BC-STV, 30-32
See also STV
Becker, Byron Weber, 42, 66, 69-70, 322, 323
Bergeron, Diane, 103-4, 111, 124
Better Electoral System for Canada, A (Derriennic), 51, 54, 55, 64, 81-82
Bevington, Dennis, 95
Bickerton, James, 54-55, 86-87
Bild, Fred, 138
Bill C-13, 124n451
Bill C-33, 326
Bittner, Amanda, 41n140, 44, 88, 120
Blain, David, 122
Blais, André
on PR, 76
on ranked ballot systems, 64
Youth Electoral Engagement in Canada, 131
blind people, 103-4, 111, 114, 116, 135-36
Boda, Michael, 143
Borda count, 60-62
Borda, Jean-Charles, 60
Braille ballots, 111
Brantford–Brant (district), 43
Brekke, David, 94-95
municipal electoral reform in, 22-23
provincial electoral reform in, 30-32, 327
referendums in, 30, 31-32, 158
Broadbent, Ed, 65, 73, 74, 148
Brown, Jordan, 38-40, 159, 161, 162
Buscemi, Franco, 137
Byford, Diana, 31, 32, 150n544, 162
Canada Elections Act, 12
Canadian Association of Former Parliamentarians, 26n74
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
on elections, 12-13
electoral reform under, 11-19
Canadian governance ranking, 47
Canadian National Institute for the Blind (CNIB), 103
Canadians with disabilities. See disabilities, Canadians with
candidates
independent, 272-73
nomination of, 121-22
running under FPTP, 50-51
votes required to elect, 21
Canseco, Mario, 153
cards, elector’s, 135
cards, voter information, 134
Carmichael, Kelly, 56n195, 120
Carroll, Marcia, 124
Carty, Kenneth, 1, 32, 49, 71, 75-76
CCD (Council of Canadians with Disabilities), 104, 111
CCF (Co-operative Commonwealth Federation), 24n60, 29
Charbonneau, Jean-Pierre, 93
The Charter. See Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
increasing, 39-40, 97-107, 127-32, 144, 162, 325-26
lack of, 49-50, 54, 105n387, 139, 321
recommendations concerning, 138-39
See also voter turnout
accessing MPs, 4
awareness of ERRE Committee, 321, 326
as connected to government through voting, 145
consulted by ERRE Committee, 4-10 (see also E-Consultation on electoral reform)
seniors, 134
as thwarted by FPTP, 49-50
as trusting electoral process, 43
voting as duty or right of, 98, 102, 106
See also public opinion; young people
as bestowing legitimacy, 149
in British Columbia, 30-32, 150n544
Conservative support for, 27
experience of participating in, 150
in Ontario, 33
pros and cons, 149-50
citizens’ deliberative processes
committees and consultation groups, 27, 34, 150
described, 148-49
types of, 150-51
civic education. See under education
civility, PR as enhancing, 73-74
cleavages. See divisions
climate action, as thwarted by FPTP, 330
CNIB (Canadian National Institute for the Blind), 103
Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), 24n60, 29
coalition governments, 28, 29, 30n90, 74, 92-93
Colas, Bernard, 25-26
Commission on Electoral Reform (NB: 2016), 36
Commission on Legislative Democracy (NB: 2003-2006), 34-35, 94
Commission on Prince Edward Island’s Electoral Future (2004), 37
The Committee. See ERRE Committee (2016)
committees on electoral reform. See electoral reform committees and commissions
Composite Gallagher Index 70
See also Gallagher Index
compulsory voting, 97-107, 282-83
Condorcet method, 62-63
“consensus democracy” 73-74
See also PR
“Consequences of the Alternative Vote, The” (Miljan and Jackson), 68-69
Conservative Party of Canada (1867-1942), 22
Conservative Party of Canada (2003-), 9-10, 27
constituencies. See districts
Constitution Act, 1867, 11-13, 14
Constitution Act, 1982, 12-14, 15, 17-18, 19
constitutionality of electoral reform, 11-19
consulting citizens. See E-Consultation on electoral reform
Council of Canadians with Disabilities (CCD), 104, 111
Cowper-Smith, Mary, 53
CPC. See Conservative Party of Canada (1867-1942); Conservative Party of Canada (2003-)
Daoust c. Québec, 15-16
Dassonneville, Ruth, 98n365, 102, 105, 136, 137
D’Aubin, April, 104
Dawood, Yasmin, 18, 145-46, 149, 157
Decter, Ann, 119
deliberative polling, 150-51
democracy
civic education as investment in, 128
“consensus democracy”, 73-74
See also electoral reform; governance in Canada14
DePaco, Greg, 113
Derriennic, Jean-Pierre, A Better Electoral System for Canada, 51, 54, 55, 57n202, 64, 81-82
Des Rosiers, Nathalie, 25-26, 52
Dewar, Kenneth, 49
Diefenbaker, John, 22
accessibility of voting, 103-4, 109, 110-11, 114, 116, 135-36
representation in Parliament, 124
associations (EDAs), 121
magnitude, 45-46, 69, 78, 80-81
number, 17
population variance across, 43
See also rural districts
barriers to, 50, 56, 59, 67, 117-22, 123-25
increasing, 56, 76, 85, 88-89, 118-19, 123-26
effect of electoral systems on, 76-77
as reduced by PR, 73-74
regional, 55
as worsened by referendums, 156
Dufresne, Jacques, 15n30
Dufresne, Jean-Sébastien, 150
E-Consultation on electoral reform
creation and scope, 6-8, 141-42
questionnaire, 235-59
respondents, 6-8, 141, 261-65, 290f, 321
results, 261-89
See also public opinion
See also ERRE Committee (2016)
e-voting, 39-40, 109-16, 284-85
Eckardt, Ariane, 48
EDAs (electoral district associations), 121
EDs (electoral districts). See districts
as part of electoral reform process, 143-44
civic education
accessibility of, 129-30
as encouraging voter engagement, 127-30, 144, 325-26
for Indigenous youth, 129
as investment in democracy, 128
lowering voting age and, 132
in public schools, 127-29, 144
effectiveness of electoral systems, 42-43
election registration, 100-101
elections
Election Day as holiday, 137-38
integrity and security of, 109-10, 112-14
Electoral Boundaries Readjustment Act, 12
electoral candidates. See candidates
Electoral Commission (Scotland), 131
electoral deserts, 50
electoral district associations (EDAs), 121
electoral districts. See districts
at provincial level, 22-23, 28, 29, 30-40, 86
attempts and studies, 21-40, 50-51, 85-87, 89, 91, 94, 149
campaigning on, 155
constitutionality of, 11-19
effect on democratic ecosystem, 1, 2, 58, 163
gauging support for, 142-43, 150-53, 286-89
historical implementation of, 22-23, 28-29, 40, 77
need for provincial support, 11, 14
promise to implement, 3, 332-33
public financing, 2-3
reasons for, 22-23, 28-29, 36, 38-39, 49-56
surveys on, 9-10
town halls on, 8-10
as undermined by political self-interest, 38, 145, 148, 154
without redistricting, 331-32
See also E-Consultation on electoral reform; electoral reform process; ERRE Committee (2016)
electoral reform committees and commissions
1921 Special Committee on Proportional Representation, 22-23, 50-51
1935-1937 Special Committee on Elections and Franchise Acts, 24
1979 Pépin-Robarts Commission, 24
1985 MacDonald Commission, 25
1991 Lortie Commission, 25, 149
2003-2006 Commission on Legislative Democracy (NB), 34-35, 94
2004 Commission on Prince Edward Island’s Electoral Future, 37
2004 Law Commission of Canada (Jenkins commission) report, 25-26, 85-86, 87, 89, 91, 94
2005 PROC Forty-Third Report (Electoral Reform), 27-28
2006 Improving the Way Government Works (NB), 34-35
2006 Select Committee on the Election Act (Quebec), 33-34, 86
2007 An Accountable and Responsible Government (NB), 35
2007 One Ballot: Two Votes - A New Way to Vote in Ontario, 33
2007 Public Consultations on Canada’s Democratic Institutions and Practices, 28
2015 Special Committee on Democratic Renewal (PEI), 37-39
2015 White Paper on Democratic Renewal (PEI), 37
2016 Commission on Electoral Reform (NB), 36
2016 Strengthening New Brunswick’s Democracy – Discussion Paper (NB), 36
See also citizens’ assemblies; ERRE Committee (2016)
electoral reform process, 141-64
achieving consensus on, 143, 145-48
education as part of, 143-44
legitimacy of, 141-42, 145-46, 154-57
partisanship and, 145
public opinion of, 142, 151, 286-89
under majority governments, 145, 148
See also citizen’s assemblies; E-Consultation on electoral reform; referendums
Electoral System Referendum Act, 2007 (ON), 33
electoral systems
accessibility concerns, 42, 43
appropriate to Canada, 1-2, 56-58
defined, 45
effect on strategic voting, 50, 53-54, 62, 85
proposed for Canada, 33-34, 35, 82-84, 87, 331-32
requiring computers, 63
translating votes to seats, 21
two-round voting, 57
See also majoritarian electoral systems; PR
Electoral Systems and Electoral Reform in Canada and Elsewhere: An Overview (Barnes et al), 56n196, 60n211
elector’s cards, 135
electronic voting, 39-40, 109-16, 284-85
engagement. See citizen engagement
composition, 329
consultations by, 1-2, 4-10, 141-42
criticism of process, 321, 326
hearings held by, 5-6
Liberal Supplemental Report, 321-28
mandate, 3-4, 6, 9, 11, 41-43, 141
motion to appoint, 169-71
NDP and Green Party Supplementary Opinion, 329-33
open mic sessions, 8-9
order of reference, 169-71
recognizing Quebec distinctiveness, 2
recommendations, 165-67
See also E-Consultation on electoral reform; electoral reform committees and commissions
Essensa, Greg, 144
excess transfer, 78
Fair Vote Canada
on “Baden-Wurttemberg” MMP model, 87
proposed system (RUP), 70t, 83-84, 331-32
fairness
input vs. output, 54
lack of with FPTP, 26, 29, 49-50
of PR, 71
Fédération de la jeunesse canadienne-franç, 132
Figueroa v. Canada (Attorney General), 14-15
Finer, Samuel, 55
First Nations. See Indigenous people
first-past-the-post. See FPTP
Flumian, Maryantonett
on citizen’s assemblies, 150
on civic education, 144
on ER and governance ecosystem, 58
on improving turnout, 102-3, 114, 128, 133
on referendums, 156
Forty-Third Report (Electoral Reform) (2005), 27-28
Fox, Graham, 142-43, 145, 150n546
constitutionality of, 16n32
court rulings on, 14-15
multiple candidates/parties under, 22, 23, 50-51
perceived shortcomings of
distortions, 36, 38-39, 42-43, 49-54, 55, 70t
hyper-partisanship, 50
less action on climate, 330
less diversity, 50, 56, 59, 67, 118, 124
less voter choice, 53
regional deserts and divisions, 50, 55
some parties favoured over others, 14n29, 55
unrepresentativeness, 52-53
perceived strengths of, 47-49
power of the executive under, 52n180
principles of Westminster model, 17n36
public opinion of, 28, 52, 273-75
tendency to produce seat majorities, 49, 51, 52
voter apathy and cynicism, 54
Franks, Norman, 48
friendship centres, voting in, 135
Gallagher Index, 69-70, 95, 163-64, 322, 323
Gallagher, Michael, 68, 69, 74, 77-80, 118
gender parity 331
See also women
“get out the vote” campaigns, 101
Ghose, Katie, 163
Goodman, Nicole, 98n365, 110, 114, 115, 160
brokerage style of, 54
citizen connection to, 145
co-operative vs. alternating, 49, 54-55
electoral deserts, 50
legitimacy, 128
minority governments, 49, 74, 75
principles, 17n36
ranking, 47
See also majority governments
Governor General. See Johnston, David
Green Party of Canada (GPC)
consulting constituents, 10
supplementary opinion (with NDP), 329-33
guaranteed representation/seats, 123
Harrington, Matthew P., 19
Henschel, Craig, 31-32, 80, 150n544, 162
Himelfarb, Alex, 147
Hodgson, Antony, 56
House of Commons
forty-third PROC report, 27-28
increasing size of, 327
See also governance in Canada
Howe, Joel, 65
Howe, Paul, 125
Husum, Russ, 60-61
Iacobucci, Frank, 14n29
Improving the Way Government Works (NB: 2006), 34-35
inclusion. See diversity in Parliament
independent candidates, 82-83, 272-73
accessing civic education, 129-30
ERRE meetings with, 6
representation of, 94-95, 122-23
support for AV among, 64-65
voting, 36, 104, 111-12, 135, 137
input fairness, 54
instant runoff voting. See AV
internet voting, 39-40, 109-16, 284-85
Jackson, Taylor, “The Consequences of the Alternative Vote”, 68-69
Jansen, Harold, 28-29, 67-68, 71, 114-15
Jimmy (Jones), Tanya, 130
Johnston, David, 3
Jukes, Tana, 87
Kam, Christopher, 90
Katz, Richard, 44
Keenan, Anna, 101-2
Keeping Canada’s Economy and Jobs Growing Act, 124n451
King, Mackenzie, 22
Kingsley, Jean-Pierre
on diversity in Parliament, 120, 123n445, 124-25
on FPTP, 47-48
on local representation, 48
on mandatory voting, 97
on per-vote subsidy, 124-25
proposed system, 82-83, 331-32
on public financing, 2-3
Kiosk voting, 109
Lack, Brian, 112
LCC (Law Commission of Canada), Voting Counts: Electoral Reform for Canada, 25-26, 85-86, 87, 89, 91, 94
LeBel, J., 14n29
legitimacy
of citizens' assemblies, 149
of electoral systems, 42-43
of government, 128
of electoral reform process, 141-42, 145-46, 154-55, 325
of referendums, 146, 147, 152-59, 164
referendums lending, 154-55
Lewis, J.P., 130
Liberal-Conservative coalition of British Columbia, 28, 30n90
Liberal Party of Alberta, 29
Liberal Party of Canada
electoral systems favouring, 65-66, 69
Liberal Supplemental Report, 321-28
Liberal Party of Manitoba, 29
Lijphart, Arend
on multi-party governance, 92-93
Patterns of Democracy, 330
on policy lurch, 54
on referendums, 156
See also party lists
importance in Canada of, 42, 43, 48, 72
in mixed electoral systems, 45
public opinion of, 48n163, 272
Loenen, Nick, 92
Loewen, Peter
on coalition governments, 92
Youth Electoral Engagement in Canada, 131
Lord, Bernard, 35
Lortie Commission(1991), 25, 149
“lost votes”, 50, 53-54, 65, 129
low-income earners voting, 136-37
Lupia, Arthur, 154, 155, 156, 157, 159, 160
MacDonald Commission (1985), 25
Macfarlane, Emmett
on electing women and minorities, 120
on legitimacy of electoral reform, 17, 147-48
on legitimacy of FPTP, 51
on mandatory voting, 99n366, 105n387
on referendums, 154
MacLauchlan, Wade, 40
magnitude, district, 45-46, 69, 78, 80-81
Majka, Christopher, 106
majoritarian electoral systems
as discouraging diversity, 50, 56, 59, 67, 118, 124
two-round voting, 57
as rarity under PR, 74
seat vs. vote majorities, 22
self-serving tendencies of, 38, 145, 148, 154
tendency of FPTP to produce, 49, 51, 52
“Majority Rule”, 62-63
Mallett, Michael, 113-14
mandatory voting, 97-107
Manitoba, electoral reform in, 22-23, 28-29
Maori, reserved seats, 123n445
Marsh, Michael, 160
Massicotte, Louis, 89, 92, 146, 147
Matshazi, Kuthula, 127-28
Maxwell, Chris, 132
May, Elizabeth, 3
Mayrand, Marc
on electoral reform timeline, 325
on FPTP, 48
on mandatory voting, 97-98
on online voting, 109, 110, 135
on referendums, 157-58, 161-62, 325
McLaughlin, David, 35-36, 89, 94, 154
Meighen, Arthur, 22
accountability of, 86-87, 90-91, 92
elected by minority of constituents, 53, 58
links to, 79-80
as local representation, 4
responsibilities of, 91
town hall reports, 9-10
types of under MMP, 90-92, 93-94
Miljan, Lydia, “The Consequences of the Alternative Vote”, 68-69
minority governments
coalition governments, 28, 29, 30n90, 74-75, 92-93
number of in Canada, 49n164
See also majority governments
Mireault, Fred-William, 133-34
mixed electoral systems
Kingsley proposal, 82-83
public opinion of, 281-82
STV used in combination with AV, 28, 29, 77
See also MMP
consequences of, 90-93, 94-95, 322
constitutionality of, 19
defined, 84
implementation considerations, 93-95
open vs. closed lists, 86-87, 278-79
perceived strengths of, 84-86
recommendations for, 24-27, 33-37, 331
thresholds, 93
variations of, 33-34, 84-85, 87
See also party lists
mock parliaments/voting, 128-29
money
in candidate nomination process, 121-22
donation inequity, 125n453
Morgan, Rachel, 66
Morton, Desmond, 21
Moscrop, David, 84
MPs. See Members of Parliament
Mulroney, Brian, 22
Nauru, Republic of, 61
caucus report, 10
supplementary opinion (with Green Party), 329-33
New Brunswick, electoral reform attempts in, 34-36, 94
New Zealand
Maori guaranteed seats, 123n445
referendum, 162
nomination processes, 120-21
non-traditional referendums, 36, 157, 158-59
Norris, Pippa
on diversity of representation, 56, 119
on electoral system trade-offs, 44
on features of PR systems, 69, 87, 91
Northam, Katelynn, 85
Northwest Territories, 94-95, 111-12
One Ballot: Two Votes – A New Way to Vote in Ontario (2007), 33
O’Neill, Andy, 131
online voting, 39-40, 109-16, 284-85
Ontario, electoral reform attempts in, 33, 86
open mic sessions, 8-9
output fairness, 54
Papineau (districts), 42
Parliament of Canada Act, 12
parliaments, mock, 128-29
choosing electoral systems, 145, 147-48
cohesion under STV, 79, 80, 81-82
favoured by specific systems, 14n29, 55, 65-66, 68-69
nomination processes, 120-21
achieving proportionality with, 84
dual candidacy, 89-90
enhancing diversity with, 56, 88-89
open vs. closed, 86-87, 278-79
public opinion of, 30n92, 87, 278-79
regionality of, 89
PC (Progressive Conservative) Party of Canada, 22
Peden, Robert, 88, 91, 92, 162
PEI. See Prince Edward Island
Pelletier, Benoît, 11, 15-17, 34, 90, 154
people with disabilities. See disabilities, Canadians with
Pépin-Robarts Commission (1979), 24
Perreault, Danielle, 134
petitions for PR, 10
Pitcaithly, Mary, 93-94
in PEI, 37-38, 39-40, 86, 159, 161, 162
referendums vs., 37n120
See also referendums
plurality
defined, 21
See also FPTP; majoritarian electoral systems
polarization. See divisions
political parties. See parties, political
political self-interest, 38, 145, 148, 154
polling
deliberative, 150-51
on ERRE Committee, 326
framing of questions, 324
on referendums, 152-53, 288-89, 324
See also E-Consultation on electoral reform
post facto referendums, 36, 158-59
poverty, affect on voting, 136-37
aim of, 71
choice of MPs under, 91-92
citizens favouring, 57
coalition governments, 74, 92-93
defined, 45-46
district magnitude, 45-46, 69, 78, 80-81
district size, 74
early adoption by provinces, 22-24
ERRE Committee recommendation for, 165, 167, 330
evidence for, 330-31
Gallagher Index, 69-70, 95, 163-64
party cohesion under, 79, 80, 81-82
perceived shortcomings of, 74-77
perceived strengths of
fairness, 71
greater diversity, 56, 76, 85, 88-89
petitions for, 10
political resistance to, 26n74, 38
public opinion of, 28, 57-58, 71-73, 75, 84-85, 272, 278-82
stability of, 79
use in other countries, 23
See also List PR; MMP; RUP (Rural-Urban PR); STV
Preferential Vote. See AV
electoral reform attempts in, 36-40, 86
plebiscites in, 37-38, 39-40, 86, 159
PROC (Standing Committee on Procedure and House Affairs), Forty-Third Report (2005), 27-28
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada 22
See also Conservative Party of Canada (2003-)
Progressive Party of Canada, 22
proportional representation. See PR
proportionate representation, 12-14, 15, 16, 43
Public Consultations on Canada’s Democratic Institutions and Practices (2007), 28
public engagement. See citizen engagement
citizens’ assemblies, 151, 288
electoral reform, 142, 151, 274-75, 286-89
electoral system features, 269-73
independent candidates, 272-73
local representation, 48n163, 56-57, 269, 271-72
majority vs. minority governments, 75, 270-71
mandatory voting, 98-100, 282-83
mixed electoral systems, 84-85, 281-82
online voting, 110, 112, 284-85
party affiliation, 269
party lists, 30n92, 87, 278-79
plurality/majority systems, 28, 51-52, 273-77
PR, 28, 57-58, 71-73, 75, 84-85, 272, 278-82
ranked ballots, 276-77
referendums, 152-53, 288-89, 324
voting, 110, 112, 266-68, 284-85
Pukelsheim, Friedrich, 91
Quebec
electoral reform attempts in, 33-34, 86
recognizing distinctiveness of, 2
Quebec Court of Appeal, ruling on electoral systems, 14-15
Rae, John, 104n381
public opinion of, 276-77
ranking all candidates, 59, 67-68, 78
used in PEI plebiscite, 40n135
used with multi-member districts, 77-84
used with single-member districts, 58-69
Reference re Senate Reform, relevance to electoral reform, 11, 15, 17n40, 18n42
referendums
alternatives to, 155
Conservative support for, 10, 27
cost, 157
education campaigns of, 155, 156-57, 159-60
ERRE Committee recommendations on, 164
failure/success of, 157, 160, 162-63
federal legislation on, 157-58, 161-62
NDP and Green Party committee members on, 332
in Ontario, 33
perceived shortcomings of, 146, 147, 152-53, 155-60, 164, 323-25
perceived strengths of, 154-55
plebiscites vs., 37n120
process/timeframe of, 161-62
public opinion of, 152-53, 288-89, 324
spending on, 160-61
yes and no campaigns, 144, 157, 160
See also plebiscites
See also divisions
Reid, Scott, 330
representation
diversity of, 50, 56, 76, 85, 88-89
of Indigenous peoples, 123
legitimacy of, 42-43
of people with disabilities, 124
by population, 12-14, 15, 16, 43
under FPTP, 52-53
See also local representation; PR
Republic of Nauru, 61
reserved (guaranteed) seats, 123
ridings. See districts
Robertson, France, 135
Rogers, Tom, 100-101
Rosiers, Nathalie Des, 25-26, 52
RUP (Rural-Urban PR), 70t, 82-84, 331-32
Russell, Peter, 19, 22, 51, 128-29, 330
Saari, Donald G., 61
Saskatchewan, municipal electoral reform in, 22-23
Scarpaleggia, Francis, 329
Schwartz, Bryan, 49
Scotland, lowering voting age, 162
Seidle, Leslie, 44n147, 84, 160
Select Committee on the Election Act (Quebec: 2006), 33-34, 86
self-interest, political, 38, 145, 148, 154
Senate, seat allocation in, 13, 14
Senate Reform Reference, relevance to electoral reform, 11, 15, 17n40, 18n42
senior citizens, accessing voting, 134
Sexton, Suzanne, 155
Simons, Barbara, 112, 113, 114
Simply Voting, 112
single member plurality (SMP). See FPTP
single transferable vote. See STV
size of districts, 74, 82-84, 94-95
Smith, Charles, 122
Smith, David, 47
SMP (single member plurality). See FPTP
Social Credit Party, 24n60, 28, 29, 30n90
Special Committee on Democratic Renewal (PEI: 2015), 37-39
Special Committee on Elections and Franchise Acts (1935-1937), 24
Special Committee on Proportional Representation (1921), 22
special committees on electoral reform. See electoral reform committees and commissions; ERRE Committee (2016)
Standing Committee on Procedure and House Affairs, Forty-Third Report (2005), 27-28
Stephenson, Laura, 69, 80-81, 88-89, 90
strategic voting, 50, 53-54, 62, 85
Strengthening New Brunswick’s Democracy – Discussion Paper (NB: 2016), 36
students voting, 133-34
BC-STV, 30-32
constitutionality of, 19
described, 78-79
early adoption by provinces, 22-24, 28, 29, 77
impacts of, 79-81
in other countries, 23, 77, 78-80, 330-31
party cohesion under, 79, 80, 81-82
perceived shortcomings of, 80
perceived strengths of, 77-79
proportionality of, 70t, 79, 80
recommendations for, 23, 30-32
used in combination with AV, 28, 29, 77
See also ranked ballots
Supreme Court of Canada
2003 decision in Figueroa v. Canada, 14n29
2014 decision on Senate reform, 11, 15, 17n40, 18n42
consulting on electoral reform, 11, 19
decisions regarding electoral systems, 14-16
surplus distribution, 78
Tanguay, Brian
advice to ERRE Committee, 58
on AV, 66
on diversity in Parliament, 118
on importance of electoral reform, 26-27
on increasing size of BC legislature, 327
on MMP, 92
Voting Counts: Electoral Reform for Canada, 25-26, 85-86, 87, 89, 91, 94
telephone voting, 39-40
Thomas, Melanee, 88, 118, 119, 120-22, 125
Thomas, Paul, 106n388, 120, 137, 146
Thompson, Stephen, 98n366
thresholds
in referendums, 30, 31-32, 162
Tom, Don, 130
Tootoo, Victor, 117, 131-32, 136
top-up seats, 83
town hall reports, 9-10
Tremblay, Mireille, 86
Trudel, Rémy, 155
Tsartlip First Nation, 129-30
turnout. See voter turnout
two-round voting, 57
2004 Law Commission Report, 25-26, 85-86, 87, 89, 91, 94
“unanimity formula”, 13
Underwood, Harvey, 129
Underwood, Mavis, 129
United Farmers of Alberta (UFA), 29
United Farmers of Manitoba (UFM), 29
urban districts
See also rural districts
“validating” (post facto) referendums, 36, 158-59
visually impaired people, 103-4, 111, 114, 116, 135-36
“vote-anywhere” policy, 103n377, 133
voter engagement. See citizen engagement
voter information cards, 134
effect of electoral system on, 79, 105n386
“get out the vote” campaigns, 101
increasing, 98, 102-3, 105-6, 109, 114-15, 127-39
See also citizen engagement; voting
voters. See citizens
votes not counting, 50, 53-54, 65, 129, 273-74
below age of 18, 39-40, 130-32, 162
as connecting citizens to government, 145, 149
“get out the vote” campaigns, 101
mandatory voting, 97-107
mock voting, 128
in referendums, 158
secrecy of, 103, 110, 111, 113
strategic voting, 50, 53-54, 62, 85
students accessing, 133-34
by telephone, 39-40
time and place, 103n377, 133, 138
two-round, 57
See also accessibility, of voting; citizen engagement
Voting Counts: Electoral Reform for Canada (LCC), 25-26, 85-86, 87, 89, 91, 94
“wasted votes”, 50, 53-54, 65, 129, 273-74
Wasylciw, David, 138
Webb, Madeleine, 118
Weber Becker, Byron. See Becker, Byron Weber
Westminster model of government
principles of, 17n36
See also FPTP; governance in Canada
White Paper on Democratic Renewal (PEI: 2015), 37
Williams, Rodney, 154-55
winner-take-all electoral systems. See majoritarian electoral systems
Wiseman, Nelson, 66, 91, 106, 115
barriers to election of, 56, 118, 119-22, 331
lack of in Parliament, 117-18, 331
recommendations concerning, 126, 331
ways to encourage election of, 88-89, 118-19, 121-22, 330-31
Wood, Roderick, 25-26, 50, 89, 91
written submissions
town hall reports, 9-10
accessing voting as students, 133-34
civic education for, 127-29, 144, 325-26
encouraging engagement, 39-40, 130-32, 162, 325-26
FPTP as barrier to election of, 56
improving turnout among, 103n377, 115, 128-29, 130-34
voting in plebiscites and referendums, 38, 39-40, 162
Youth Electoral Engagement in Canada (Blais and Loewen), 131